Passwords in the wild, part III: password standards for the Web

Academic papers, Authentication, Security economics, Security engineering

This is the third part in a series on password implementations at real websites, based on my paper at WEIS 2010 with Joseph Bonneau.

In our analysis of 150 password deployments online, we observed a surprising diversity of implementation choices. Whilst sites can be ranked by the overall security of their password scheme, there is a vast middle group in which sites make seemingly incongruous security decisions. We also found almost no evidence of commonality in implementations. Examining the details of Web forms (variable names, etc.) and the format of automated emails, we found little evidence that sites are re-using a common code base. This lack of consistency in technical choices suggests that standards and guidelines could improve security.

Numerous RFCs concern themselves with one-time passwords and other relatively sophisticated authentication protocols. Yet, traditional password-based authentication remains the most prevalent authentication protocol on the Internet, as the International Telecommunication Union–itself a United Nations specialized agency to standardise telecommunications on a worldwide basis–observes in their ITU-T Recommendation X.1151, “Guideline on secure password-based, authentication protocol with key exchange.” Client PKI has not seen wide-spread adoption and tokens or smart-cards are prohibitively cost-inefficient or inconvenient for most websites. While passwords have many shortcomings, it is essential deploy them as carefully and securely as possible. Formal standards and guidelines of best practices are essential to help developers.

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Passwords in the wild, part II: failures in the market

Academic papers, Authentication, Security economics, Security engineering

This is the second part in a series on password implementations at real websites, based on my paper at WEIS 2010 with Sören Preibusch.

As we discussed yesterday, dubious practices abound within real sites’ password implementations. Password insecurity isn’t only due to random implementation mistakes, though. When we scored sites’ passwords implementations on a 10-point aggregate scale it became clear that a wide spectrum of implementation quality exists. Many web authentication giants (Amazon, eBay, Facebook, Google, LiveJournal, Microsoft, MySpace, Yahoo!) scored near the top, joined by a few unlikely standouts (IKEA, CNBC). At the opposite end were a slew of lesser-known merchants and news websites. Exploring the factors which lead to better security confirms the basic tenets of security economics: sites with more at stake tend to do better. However, doing better isn’t enough. Given users’ well-documented tendency to re-use passwords, the varying levels of security may represent a serious market failure which is undermining the security of password-based authentication.

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Passwords in the wild, part I: the gap between theory and implementation

Academic papers, Authentication, Protocols, Security economics, Security engineering

Sören Preibusch and I have finalised our in-depth report on password practices in the wild, The password thicket: technical and market failures in human authentication on the web, presented in Boston last month for WEIS 2010. The motivation for our report was a lack of technical research into real password deployments. Passwords have been studied as an authentication mechanism quite intensively for the last 30 years, but we believe ours was the first large study into how Internet sites actually implement them. We studied 150 sites, including the most visited overall sites plus a random sample of mid-level sites. We signed up for free accounts with each site, and using a mixture of scripting and patience, captured all visible aspects of password deployment, from enrolment and login to reset and attacks.

Our data (which is now publicly available) gives us an interesting picture into the current state of password deployment. Because the dataset is huge and the paper is quite lengthy, we’ll be discussing our findings and their implications from a series of different perspectives. Today, we’ll focus on the preventable mistakes. In academic literature, it’s assumed that passwords will be encrypted during transmission, hashed before storage, and attempts to guess usernames or passwords will be throttled. None of these is widely true in practice.

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Who controls the off switch?

Academic papers, Politics, Protocols, Security economics, Security engineering

We have a new paper on the strategic vulnerability created by the plan to replace Britain’s 47 million meters with smart meters that can be turned off remotely. The energy companies are demanding this facility so that customers who don’t pay their bills can be switched to prepayment tariffs without the hassle of getting court orders against them. If the Government buys this argument – and I’m not convinced it should – then the off switch had better be closely guarded. You don’t want the nation’s enemies to be able to turn off the lights remotely, and eliminating that risk could just conceivably be a little bit more complicated than you might at first think. (This paper follows on from our earlier paper On the security economics of electricity metering at WEIS 2010.)

Database state – latest!

Academic papers, Legal issues, News coverage, Politics, Security engineering

Today sees the publication of a report by Professor Trisha Greenhalgh into the Summary Care Record (SCR). There is a summary of the report in the BMJ, which also has two discussion pieces: one by Sir Mark Walport of the Wellcome Trust arguing that the future of medical records is digital, and one by me which agrees but argues that as the SCR is unsafe and unlawful, it should be abandoned.

Two weeks ago I reported here how the coalition government planned to retain the SCR, despite pre-election promises from both its constituent parties to do away with it. These promises followed our Database State report last year which demonstrated that many of the central systems built by the previous government contravened human-rights law. The government’s U-turn provoked considerable anger among doctors. NGOs and backbench MPs, prompting health minister Simon Burns to promise a review.

Professor Greenhalgh’s review, which was in fact completed before the election, finds that the SCR fails to do what it was supposed to. It isn’t used much; it doesn’t fit in with how doctors and nurses actually work; it doesn’t make consultations shorter but longer; and the project was extremely badly managed. In fact, her report should be read by all serious students of software engineering; like the London Ambulance Service report almost twenty years ago, this document sets out in great detail what not to do.

For now, there is some press coverage in the Telegraph, the Mail, E-health Insider and Computerworld UK.

Workshop on the economics of information security 2010

Academic papers, Security economics

Here is a liveblog of WEIS which is being held today and tomorrow at Harvard. It has 125 attendees: 59% academic, 15% govt/NGO, and 26% industry; the split of backgrounds of 47% CS, 35% econ/management and 18% policy/law. The paper acceptance rate was 24/72: 10 empirical papers, 8 theory and 6 on policy.

The workshop kicked off with a keynote talk from Tracey Vispoli of Chubb Insurance. In early 2000s, insurance industry thought cyber would be big. It isn’t yet, but it is starting to grow rapidly. There is still little actuarial data. But the tndustry can shape behaviour by being in the gap between risk aversion and risk tolerance. Its technical standards can make a difference (as with buildings, highways, …). So far a big factor is the insurance response to notification requirements: notification costs of $50-60 per compromised record mean that a 47m compromise like TJX is a loss you want to insure! So she expects healthy supply and demand model for cyberinsurance in coming years. This will help to shape standards, best practices and culture.

Questions: are there enough data to model? So far no company has enough; ideally we should bring data together from industry to one central shared point. Government has a role as with highways. Standards? Client prequalification is currently a fast-moving target. Insurers’ competitive advantage is understanding the intersection between standards and pricing. Reinsurance? Sure, where a single event could affect multiple policies. Tension between auditability and security in the power industry (NERC) – is there any role for insurance? Maybe, but legal penalties are in general uninsurable. How do we get insurers to come to WEIS? It would help if we had more specificity in our research papers, if we did not just talk about “breaches” but “breaches resulting in X” (the industry is not interested in national security, corporate espionage and other things that do not result in claims). Market evolution? She predicts the industry will follow its usual practice of lowballing a new market until losses mount, then cut back coverage terms. (E.g. employment liability insurance grew rapidly over last 20 years but became unprofitable because of class actions for discrimination etc – so industry cut coverage, but that was OK as it helped shape best employment practice). Data sharing by industry itself? Client confidentiality stops ad-hoc sharing but it would be good to have a properly regulated central depository. Who’s the Ralph Nader of this? Broad reform might come from the FTC; it’s surprising the SEC hasn’t done anything (HIPAA and GLB are too industry-specific). Quantifiability of best practice? Not enough data. How much of biz is cyber? At present it’s 5% of Chubb’s insurance business, but you can expect 8-9% in 2010-11 – rapid growth!

Future sessions will be covered in additional posts…

A very rapid betrayal

Legal issues, News coverage, Politics

The coalition Government plans to keep the Summary Care Record, despite pre-election pledges by both the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats to rip up the system – which is not compliant with the I v Finland judgement of the European Court of Human Rights.

Last year colleagues and I wrote Database State, a report for the Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust, which studied 46 systems that keep information on all of us, or at least a significant minority of us. We concluded that eleven of them were almost certainly illegal under human-rights law, and most of the rest had problems. Our report was well received by both Conservatives and Lib Dems; many of its recommendations were adopted as policy.

Old-timers may recall that back in 1996-7, many of us geeks supported New Labour enthusiastically, as Blair promised not to introduce key escrow. It took him almost a year to renege on that promise; it has taken the coalition less than a month.

Blair’s U-turn on key escrow in 1998 led to the establishment of FIPR, and a two-year fight against what became the RIP Act (where at least we limited escrow to the powers in part 3). What’s the appropriate response now to Cameron and Clegg?

It’s inconceivable that assurances given to farmers, or to soldiers, or to teachers would be tossed aside so casually. Yet half a million of us earn our living in IT in Britain – there’s a lot more of us than of any of them! And many people in other jobs care about privacy, copyright, and other digital issues. So do those of us who care about digital policy have to become more militant? Or do we have to raise money and bribe the ruling parties? Or, now that all three major parties are compromised, should we downgrade our hopes for parliament and operate through the courts and through Europe instead?

Digital Activism Decoded: The New Mechanics of Change

Internet censorship, Legal issues, Politics, Privacy technology, Social networks

The book “Digital Activism Decoded: The New Mechanics of Change” is one of the first on the topic of digital activism. It discusses how digital technologies as diverse as the Internet, USB thumb-drives, and mobile phones, are changing the nature of contemporary activism.

Each of the chapters offers a different perspective on the field. For example, Brannon Cullum investigates the use of mobile phones (e.g. SMS, voice and photo messaging) in activism, a technology often overlooked but increasingly important in countries with low ratios of personal computer ownership and poor Internet connectivity. Dave Karpf considers how to measure the success of digital activism campaigns, given the huge variety of (potentially misleading) metrics available such as page impression and number of followers on Twitter. The editor, Mary Joyce, then ties each of these threads together, identifying the common factors between the disparate techniques for digital activism, and discussing future directions.

My chapter “Destructive Activism: The Double-Edged Sword of Digital Tactics” shows how the positive activism techniques promoted throughout the rest of the book can also be used for harm. Just as digital tools can facilitate communication and create information, they can also be used to block and destroy. I give some examples where these events have occurred, and how the technology to carry out these actions came to be created and deployed. Of course, activism is by its very nature controversial, and so is where to draw the line between positive and negative actions. So my chapter concludes with a discussion of the ethical frameworks used when considering the merits of activism tactics.

Digital Activism Decoded, published by iDebate Press, is now available for download, and can be pre-ordered from Amazon UK or Amazon US (available June 30th now).

Update (2010-06-17): Amazon now have the book in stock at both their UK and US stores.

Digital Activism Decoded

An old scam still works

Academic papers, Banking security, Legal issues, News coverage

In the very first paper I wrote on ATM fraud, Why Cryptosystems Fail, the very first example I gave of a fraud came from the case R v Moon at Hastings Crown Court in February 1992. Mr Moon was a teller at the TSB who noticed that address changes weren’t audited. He found a customer with over £10,000 in her account, changed her address to his, issued a card and pin, and changed the address back. He looted her account and when she complained, she wasn’t believed.

It’s still happening, most recently to a customer of the Abbey. Bank insider issues extra card, steals money, customer blamed – after all, chip and pin is infallible, isn’t it? Expecting banks to keep decent logs might be too much; and I supppose it’s way too much to expect bank fraud staff to read the research literature on their subject.